STUDY OF CLINICAL OUTCOME AND CARDIOVASCULAR SEQUELAE IN COVID-19 PATIENTS

Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 include deep vein thrombosis, stroke, angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure and cardiogenic shock.ECG changes including sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia and atrial ?brillation . Incidence of cardiovascular complications is directly linked to severity of disease which in turn correlate with in?ammatory markers including CRP, LDH, Ferritin, D Dimer and IL-6. Raised In?ammatory markers also suggest poor outcome of patients. Therefore it is advisable to do in?ammatory markers in admitted patients for management. Followup study at 3 and 6 months revealed new onset cardiovascular complications while no new complications were documented at 12months follow up.Thus regular health checkup is recommended post COVID infections for atleast 6months.

Lesão miocárdica e complicações cardiovasculares na COVID-19: estudo de coorte em pacientes graves e críticos / Myocardial injury and cardiovascular complications in COVID-19: a cohort study in severe and critical patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar a lesão miocárdica e as complicações cardiovasculares e seus preditores em pacientes graves e críticos com COVID-19 admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Este foi um estudo de coorte observacional em pacientes graves e críticos com COVID-19 admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva. A lesão miocárdica foi definida como níveis sanguíneos de troponina cardíaca acima do limite de referência superior ao percentil 99. Os eventos cardiovasculares considerados foram combinação de trombose venosa profunda, embolia pulmonar, acidente vascular cerebral, infarto do miocárdio, isquemia aguda de membros, isquemia mesentérica, insuficiência cardíaca e arritmia cardíaca. Regressão logística univariada e multivariada ou modelos de risco proporcional de Cox foram utilizados para determinar os preditores de lesão miocárdica. Resultados: Foram admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva 567 pacientes graves e críticos com COVID-19, dos quais 273 (48,1%) apresentavam lesão miocárdica. Dos 374 pacientes críticos com COVID-19, 86,1% tinham lesão miocárdica, além de apresentarem mais disfunção orgânica e maior mortalidade aos 28 dias (56,6% versus 27,1%; p < 0,001). Foram preditores de lesão miocárdica idade avançada, hipertensão arterial e uso de imunomoduladores. Complicações cardiovasculares ocorreram em 19,9% dos pacientes graves e críticos com COVID-19 admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva, e a maioria dos eventos deu-se em pacientes com lesão miocárdica (28,2% versus 12,2%; p < 0,001). A ocorrência de evento cardiovascular precoce durante internação em unidade de terapia intensiva estava associada à maior mortalidade aos 28 dias em comparação com eventos tardios ou inexistentes (57,1% versus 34,0% versus 41,8%; p = 0,01). Conclusão: Pacientes com formas graves e críticas de COVID-19 admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva foram comumente diagnosticados com lesão miocárdica e complicações cardiovasculares, e ambas estavam associadas à maior mortalidade nesses pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize myocardial injury and cardiovascular complications and their predictors in severe and critical COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Methods: This was an observational cohort study of severe and critical COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Myocardial injury was defined as blood levels of cardiac troponin above the 99th percentile upper reference limit. Cardiovascular events considered were the composite of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, myocardial infarction, acute limb ischemia, mesenteric ischemia, heart failure and arrhythmia. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression or Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine predictors of myocardial injury. Results: Of 567 patients with severe and critical COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, 273 (48.1%) had myocardial injury. Of the 374 patients with critical COVID-19, 86.1% had myocardial injury, and also showed more organ dysfunction and higher 28-day mortality (56.6% versus 27.1%, p < 0.001). Advanced age, arterial hypertension and immune modulator use were predictors of myocardial injury. Cardiovascular complications occurred in 19.9% of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, with most events occurring in patients with myocardial injury (28.2% versus 12.2%, p < 0.001). The occurrence of an early cardiovascular event during intensive care unit stay was associated with higher 28-day mortality compared with late or no events (57.1% versus 34% versus 41.8%, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Myocardial injury and cardiovascular complications were commonly found in patients with severe and critical forms of COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, and both were associated with increased mortality in these patients.

Evaluation of Plasma Fibrinogen Levels and Its Association with Microalbuminuria and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Increased level of Fibrinogen is supposed to be a risk factor for Macrovascular disease. Insulin acutely increases Fibrinogen production in an individual with Type 2 Diabetes. There is a correlation between fibrinogen level and duration of Diabetes. Aim : To evaluate the levels of Plasma Fibrinogen and its association with Microalbuminuria and glycemic control in patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods : A hospital-based Cross-Sectional Study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Bharati Hospital and Research Centre. The study aimed to evaluate the levels of plasma fibrinogen and its association with microalbuminuria and glycemic control in patients with T2DM. A total of 100 subjects (males and females) presenting with Diabetes Mellitus to our hospital were included in the study after informed consent. A detailed clinical history and relevant laboratory investigations were done. Statistical Analysis : The quantitative data was represented as their Mean盨D. Categorical and nominal data were expressed in percentage. The t-test was used for analysing quantitative data, or else non-parametric data were analysed by Mann Whitney test. All analysis was carried out by using SPSS software version 21. Results : Mean Fibrinogen level in study cases was 507.8 mg/dl with 26% had Fibrinogen levels of more than 500 mg/dl. Micro and Macro-albuminuria were seen in 25% and 9% cases. Mean Fibrinogen level was significantly more in cases with a duration of Diabetes 5 years, poor glycemic control and Microalbuminuria. Conclusion : Microalbuminuric Diabetic patients and poor Glycemic control patients showed higher fibrinogen levels. It can be concluded that Hyperfibrinogenaemia may precede the onset of Clinical Vascular Complications

Caracterización de los gerontes diabéticos tipo 2, según variables clínico-epidemiológicas. Punta Brava, 2020 / Characterization of older adults with type 2 diabetes, according to clinical and epidemiological variables. Punta Brava, 2020

Introducción: La Diabetes Mellitus es una enfermedad frecuente, de enorme impacto sanitario a nivel mundial. El envejecimiento poblacional constituye uno de los principales problemas de salud pública en el mundo y en Cuba, siendo un reto para los tiempos actuales. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los gerontes, diabéticos tipo 2, de Punta Brava, según algunas variables clínicas epidemiológicas, 2020. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, de base comunitaria, observacional, con los pacientes adultos mayores, con diagnóstico de DM2, según variables cclínicas de interés, en la comunidad de Punta Brava, año 2020. Resultados: Hubo predominio del sexo masculino en cuanto al peso (45,4 por ciento), estado marital con pareja (68,4 por ciento), color de la piel blanco (47,2 por ciento), nivel escolar primaria (32,7 por ciento) y jubilados (60,1 por ciento). Las féminas predominaron en los factores de riesgo dislipidemias, sedentarismo, obesidad, alcoholismo y hábito de fumar, así como en comorbilidades asociadas como la hipertensión arterial (71,0 por ciento) y la cardiopatía isquémica (50,7 por ciento). Conclusiones: La obesidad es un factor de riesgo de mucha importancia, que predispone a complicaciones vasculares crónicas en esta enfermedad. El hábito de fumar y el alcoholismo son adicciones negativas en la aparición de complicaciones cardiovasculares(AU)

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a frequent disease of enormous health impact at a global scale. Population aging is one of the main public health problems both globally and in Cuba, being a challenge of the current times. Objective: To characterize older adults with type 2 diabetes from Punta Brava Community according to some clinical and epidemiological variables, 2020. Material and Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional, observational study of older adults with the diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus according to variables of interest was conducted in Punta Brava Community in 2020. Results: There was prevalence of males in terms of weight (45,4 percent), marital status, with partners (68,4 percent), white skin (47,2 percent), elementary school level (32,7 percent), and retired people (60,1 percent). Females prevailed in terms of risk factors, dyslipidemias, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, alcoholism, and smoking habit, as well as other comorbidities associated with arterial hypertension (71,0 percent) and ischemic heart disease (50,7 percent). Conclusions: Obesity is a very important risk factor which predisposes to chronic vascular complications of this disease. The smoking habit and alcoholism are negative addictions for the occurrence of cardiovascular complications(AU)

Índice leucoglucémico en pacientes con infarto miocárdico con elevación del ST / Leuko-glycemic index in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction

Introducción: la mortalidad asociada a infarto del miocardio (IM) no solo se debe a complicaciones cardiovasculares, sino también a complicaciones intrahospitalarias no cardiovasculares (CIHNC). El índice leuco-glucémico (ILG) se ha utilizado como un marcador pronóstico para el desarrollo de complicaciones cardiovasculares en el IM. Centramos este estudio en identificar el punto de corte de ILG para el desarrollo de CIHNC en pacientes con infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST). Material y métodos: en este diseño de un solo centro y transversal, incluimos pacientes con IAMCEST. El análisis bioquímico incluyó glucosa y leucocitos; se calculó ILG. Se realizaron análisis univariados y bivariados, curva ROC y análisis multivariado para el desarrollo de IAMCEST. Resultados: incluimos 1294 pacientes, 79.8% hombres y 20.2% mujeres. Las principales comorbilidades fueron: hipertensión arterial sistémica, diabetes mellitus y dislipidemia. Seiscientos cuarenta y cuatro pacientes (49.8%) presentaron CIHNC. El ILG > 1200 con área bajo la curva (AUC) 0.817 predice el desarrollo de CIHNC en pacientes con IAMCEST. Las variables que aumentaron el desarrollo de CIHNC fueron: ILG > 1200, creatinina > 0.91 mg/dL, diabetes mellitus y edad > 65 años. La neumonía intrahospitalaria y las complicaciones cardiovasculares aumentaron el riesgo de muerte entre los pacientes con IAMCEST. Conclusión: un LGI > 1200 aumentó más de nueve veces el riesgo de desarrollo de CIHNC en pacientes con IAMCEST.

Background: The myocardial infarction-associated (MI) mortality is not only due cardiovascular complications, but intrahospital non-cardiovascular complications (IHnCVCs). The leuko-glycemic index (LGI) has been used as a prognostic marker for the development of cardiovascular complications in MI. We focused this study on identifying the cut-off point of LGI for the IHnCVCs development in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Material and methods: In this single-center and cross-sectional design, we included patients with STEMI. The biochemical analysis included glucose and leucocytes; with them we calculated the LGI. Receiver operating characteristic curve, univariate and bivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis for IHnCVCs development were performed. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We included 1294 patients, 79.8% were men and 20.2% women. The main comorbidities were hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Six hundred forty-four (49.8%) patients presented IHNCVCs. The LGI > 1200 (AUC 0.817) predict the IHNCVCs development in STEMI patients. The variables that increased the IHNCVCs development were LGI > 1200, creatinine > 0.91 mg/dL, diabetes mellitus and age > 65 years. Hospital acquired pneumonia and cardiovascular complications increase the risk of death among STEMI patients. Conclusion: A LGI > 1200 increased, just over nine times, the risk of IHnCVC development in STEMI patients.

Complicaciones cardiovasculares en pacientes con la COVID-19 / Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients

Introducción: La COVID-19 se presenta como una infección del tracto respiratorio inferior. Entre sus diversas manifestaciones extrapulmonares se encuentra el daño cardiovascular, y estas son las que se asocian a la morbimortalidad. Se realizó una búsqueda de información científica utilizando recursos de las bases de datos PubMed, PubMed Central, SciELO, Ebsco, ClinicalKey y Scopus. Las estrategias de búsqueda formuladas fueron: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, complicaciones cardiovasculares; en inglés y español. Objetivo: Describir las complicaciones cardiovasculares en pacientes con la COVID-19. Desarrollo: Existe una amplia diversidad de criterios en la literatura científica acerca del daño cardiovascular en el contexto de la infección por la COVID-19. Las complicaciones cardiovasculares reportadas son: la lesión miocárdica aguda, miocarditis aguda, arritmias cardiacas, síndrome coronario agudo, insuficiencia cardiaca aguda, daño valvular cardiaco, enfermedad tromboembólica venosa y shock. Conclusiones: Se describen las complicaciones cardiovasculares en pacientes con la COVID-19. La infección por SARS-CoV-2 ocasiona daño directo o indirecto en el miocardio, las válvulas cardiacas y el resto del sistema cardiovascular(AU)

Introduction: The COVID-19 typically presents as a lower respiratory tract infection. Among its various extrapulmonary manifestations is cardiovascular damage, and these are the ones that are most associated with morbidity and mortality. A search for scientific information was carried; resources were obtained from databases PubMed, PubMed Central, SciELO, Ebsco, ClinicalKey, and Scopus. The search strategies formulated were: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Cardiovascular complications; as well as its translations into the English language. Objective: To describe the cardiovascular complications in patients with the COVID-19. Development: There is a wide diversity of criteria in the scientific literature regarding cardiovascular damage in the context of COVID-19 infection. Frequently reported cardiovascular complications are acute myocardial injury, acute myocarditis, cardiac arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, acute heart failure, heart valve damage, venous thromboembolic disease, and shock. Conclusions: Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 carriers were described. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes direct or indirect damage to the myocardium, heart valves and the rest of the cardiovascular system(AU)

Angioaccesos para hemodiálisis en el trasplante renal: implicaciones hemodinámicas sobre el corazón izquierdo / Angioaccess for hemodialysis in kidney transplantation: hemodynamic implications for the left heart

Las complicaciones cardiovasculares representan la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, por lo que el objetivo de este artículo es demostrar la influencia de la permanencia de la fístula arteriovenosa sobre variables eco cardiográficamente mensuradas en el corazón izquierdo. Para ello, se definió un estudio multivariable, longitudinal, prospectivo y controlado de grupos independientes después de una intervención que incluyó 39 pacientes a los que se le cerró el angioacceso (grupo de estudio) y 42 que no fueron expuestos a la cirugía (grupo control). Ambos grupos exhibían trasplante renal funcionante. Los principales resultados surgenal comparar el predominio entre el grupo de estudio con el de control, la edad promedio; 45,6 y 44,1 años, el sexo masculino, 24 (60%) y 23 (53,5%) y el color de la piel blanca; 33 (82,5%) y 32 (74,4%). La etiología de la nefropatía originaria más frecuente fue la nefropatía vascular hipertensiva; 12 (30%) vs 14 (32,6%). Entre las manifestaciones clínicas, en el grupo de estudio se evidenció remisión de las palpitaciones y la disnea de esfuerzo. Respecto a la tensión arterial, para la sistólica oscilaba; de 123 ±13,4 a 120,5 ±9,2 vs de 125,6 ±8,4 a 128 ±8,3 mm Hg (p= 0,000), mientras la diastólica variaba de; 76,8 ±7,5 a 76,3 ±6,2 vs 78,6 ±4,9 a 82,4 ±3,9 mm Hg (p= 0,000). El hematocrito comportaba valores equivalentes; 0,43 ±0,06 y 0,45 ±0,06 vs 0,42 ±0,05 y 0,42 ±0,06 l/l (p= 0,035) y la creatinina sérica mostró descenso en los pacientes intervenidos de; 106,8 ± 26,2 hasta 99,8 ±23,9 µ Mol/l vs 114 ±27,8 a 120,3 ±31 µ Mol/l (p= 0,002). Las variables ecocardiográficas mensuradas comparativamente según la localización de los angioaccesos a nivel del codo izquierdo; diámetro del ventrículo izquierdo: 3,12 ±4,08 vs 1,48 ±3,46 mms (p=0,001), fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo: 2,99 ±5,47 vs -1,98 ±6,23 % (p=0,018) y el volumen telediastólico: -23 ±33,41 vs 10,86 ±36,87 ml (p=0,006). El codo contralateral revelaba; para la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo: 3,32 ±3,42 vs -2,18 ±4,78 % (p=0,037) y para el gasto cardíaco: -1,29 ±0,88 vs -0,26 ±0,86 l/min (0,020). Las conclusiones demuestran que el cierre del angioacceso a pacientes con trasplante renal funcionante respecto a los no intervenidos, contribuye a la regresión de las alteraciones morfológicas y hemodinámicas constatadas por ecocardiografía transtorácica en el corazón izquierdo a nivel de las diferentes localizaciones de los accesos vasculares.

Cardiovascular complications represent the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic renal disease, so the objective of this article is to demonstrate the influence of the patency of the arteriovenous fistula on echocardiographic variables measured in the left heart. For this, a multivariate study, longitudinal, prospective and controlled study of independent groups after an intervention that included 39 patients who had their angioaccess closed (study group) and 42 who were not exposed to surgery (control group). Both groups exhibited functional kidney transplantation. The main results emerge when comparing the prevalence between the study group and the control group, the average age; 45.6 and 44.1 years, the male sex, 24 (60%) and 23 (53.5%) and the white skin color; 33 (82.5%) and 32 (74.4%). The most frequent etiology of the original nephropathy was hypertensive vascular nephropathy; 12 (30%) vs 14 (32.6%). Among the clinical manifestations, remission of palpitations and dyspnea on exertion were evidenced in the study group. With regard to blood pressure, for the systolic it ranged from 123 ±13.4 to 120.5 ±9.2 vs. 125.6 ±8.4 to 128 ±8.3 mmHg (p= 0.000), while the diastolic varied from; 76.8 ±7.5 to 76.3 ±6.2 vs. 78.6 ±4.9 to 82.4 ±3.9 mmHg (p= 0.000). The hematocrit had equivalent values; 0.43 ±0.06 and 0.45 ±0.06 vs 0.42 ±0.05 and 0.42 ±0.06 l/l (p= 0.035) and the serum creatinine showed decrease in the operated patients from; 106.8 ±26.2 to 99.8 ±23.9 µMol/l vs 114 ±27.8 to 120.3 ±31 µMol/l (p= 0.002). The echocardiographic variables measured comparatively according to the location of the angioaccesses at the left elbow level; diameter of the left ventricle: 3.12 ±4.08 vs 1.48 ±3.46 mms (p=0.001), ejection fraction of the left ventricle: 2.99 ±5.47 vs -1.98 ±6.23 % (p=0.018) and the telediasolic volume: -23 ±33.41 vs 10.86 ±36.87 ml (p=0.006). The contralateral elbow revealed; for the left ventricular ejection fraction: 3.32 ±3.42 vs -2.18 ±4.78 % (p=0.037) and for cardiac output: -1.29 ±0.88 vs -0.26 ±0.86 l/min (0.020). The conclusions show that the our study has shown that closing the angioaccess to patients with functioning renal transplants with respect to those not operated, contributes to the regression of morphological and hemodynamic alterations observed by transthoracic echocardiography in the left heart at the different locations of the vascular accesses.

Daño cardiovascular en la COVID-19: Una extensión de la enfermedad pulmonar / Cardiovascular injury in COVID-19: An extension of pulmonary disease

RESUMEN Ante la ocurrencia de un brote de neumonía en 59 pacientes sospechosos en un mercado local de mariscos en Wuhan, China, el 1 de diciembre de 2019 fue confirmado por el laboratorio el primer caso de un nuevo coronavirus, hasta entonces desconocido. El 7 de enero de 2020 fue identificado un nuevo tipo de virus de la familia Coronaviridae denominado SARS-CoV-2, agente causal de la enfermedad conocida como COVID-19. Los escasos informes iniciales limitaban la afectación al tracto respiratorio inferior. Con el progreso de la enfermedad y el cúmulo de evidencia científica, se demostró el papel fundamental que desempeña la afectación cardiovascular en el desarrollo y pronóstico de la infección. La edad es un predictor independiente de mortalidad y se ha demostrado una asociación entre la enfermedad cardiovascular preexistente y las formas graves de la enfermedad. La afectación cardiovascular puede ser directa o indirecta, se destacan el daño miocárdico agudo, la miocarditis, el infarto agudo de miocardio, la insuficiencia cardíaca, las arritmias y los eventos tromboembólicos venosos. Se añaden los efectos adversos del tratamiento de las complicaciones cardíacas y el ensayo con fármacos en los protocolos terapéuticos. En esta monografía se revisa el daño cardiovascular por la COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Faced with a pneumonia outbreak in 59 suspected patients at a local seafood market in Wuhan, China, the first case of a novel coronavirus was laboratory-confirmed on December 1, 2019. On January 7, 2020, a new type of virus of the family Coronaviridae called SARS-CoV-2 -causative agent of COVID-19- was identified. The few initial reports restricted involvement to the lower respiratory tract. Both, disease progression and build-up of scientific evidence, proved the crucial role played by cardiovascular involvement in the development and prognosis of the infection. Age is an independent predictor of mortality and an association between pre-existing cardiovascular disease and severe forms of the disease has been demonstrated. Cardiovascular involvement may be either direct or indirect; acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias and venous embolic events stand out among others. Adverse effects of treatment for cardiac complications and drug testing in therapeutic protocols may be contributing aspects. This paper addresses cardiovascular involvement due to COVID-19.

Positioning Metabolism as a Central Player in the Diabetic Heart

In type 2 diabetes (T2D), the leading cause of death is cardiovascular complications. One mechanism contributing to cardiac pathogenesis is alterations in metabolism, with the diabetic heart exhibiting increased fatty acid oxidation and reduced glucose utilisation. The processes classically thought to underlie this metabolic shift include the Randle cycle and changes to gene expression. More recently, alternative mechanisms have been proposed, most notably, changes in post-translational modification of mitochondrial proteins in the heart. This increased understanding of how metabolism is altered in the diabetic heart has highlighted new therapeutic targets, with an aim to improve cardiac function in T2D. This review focuses on metabolism in the healthy heart and how this is modified in T2D, providing evidence for the mechanisms underlying this shift. There will be emphasis on the current treatments for the heart in diabetes, alongside efforts for metabocentric pharmacological therapies.

Perturbation of interactome through micro-RNA and methylome analysis in diabetes endophenotypes: the PIRAMIDE pathogenic clinical study design

Background:The main challenge in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is to detect the regulators of pathogenic events during early stages of disease, as well as prevention and progression follow-up of cardiovascular (CV) complications. DNA methylation and micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are major components of the epigenome, which are involved in the diabetic interactome. This study protocol may contribute to advance our knowledge on molecular basis underlying T2D and its CV complications, as well as provide putative useful prognostic biomarkers.Methods:The perturbation of interactome through micro-RNA and methylome analysis in diabetes endophenotypes: the PIRAMIDE pathogenic clinical study protocol is a cross-sectional research program planned to combine big data and network-based analysis aimed to investigate whether DNA methylation and miRNAs may act as simultaneous regulators of the interactome in T2D patients. Clinical datasets will be aggregate to large-scale DNA methylation, mRNA-Seq, and miRNA-Seq analysis performed both on purified CD4+and CD8+ T cells isolated from 35 T2D patients and 35 sex and age-matched controls. DNA methylome data will be used as input for the weighted human DNA methylation PPI network (WMPN) algorithm. RNA sequencing data will be used as input data for the TargetScan algorithm. The primary endpoint will be to integrate both DNA methylation and miRNA networks to potentially capture which genes are simultaneously modulate by interactions between epigenetic changes. Then,statistical analysis will be performed to correlate these molecular modifications with development of T2D-related CV complications. Conclusions: PIRAMIDE pathogenic clinical study protocol will test the hypothesis that simultaneous interactions between DNA methylation and miRNAs may hit T2D-associated candidate genes and predict the development of T2D-related CV complications.Trial Registration:The ongoing PIRAMIDE pathogenic clinical study protocol has been registered on NIH website (NCT03792607)

Acute cardiovascular complications in patients with diabetes and hypertension: management consideration for minor oral surgery

OBJECTIVES: Medically compromised patients often fear required dental surgical procedures that can increase the risk of medical emergency when combined with reduced tolerance for stress. A stress reduction protocol (SRP) helps doctors minimize treatment-related stress and improves patient management with minimum complications. Diabetes and co-morbid hypertension carry 4-fold risk of aggravation of cardiovascular emergencies and 7.2-fold risk of mortality. Diabetic neuropathy can result in difficult diagnosis of myocardial infarction and reduces chances of surviving a myocardial infarction compared with a non-diabetic person. The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of a protocol for management of patients having both diabetes and hypertension who required minor oral surgery to minimize the rate of cardiovascular emergencies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in 140 patients having both diabetes and hypertension who required minor oral surgical procedures. A systematic approachable protocol was designed for management of such patients. RESULTS: Among 140 patients, 6 patients (4.3%) had cardiovascular complications, while 3 patients (1 with syncope and 2 with hypertension) did not require any intervention other than observation. Two patients were managed with aspirin and nitroglycerin, and 1 patient had possible myocardial infarction (overall incidence 0.7%) with chest pain, S-T segment elevation on electrocardiogram, and troponin level of 0.60 ng/mL. CONCLUSION: The proposed protocol helps to improve management of patients having both diabetes and hypertension. We recommend that patients with uncontrolled diabetes and uncontrolled hypertension and/or patients having history of cardiovascular complication should be treated in a medical facility with a readily available cardiology unit. This facilitates prompt response to emergency and instant implementation of treatment, helping to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Perioperative lumbar plexus block and cardiac ischemia in patients with hip fracture: randomized clinical trial / Bloqueio perioperatório do plexo lombar e isquemia cardíaca em pacientes com fratura de quadril: ensaio clínico randomizado

Abstract Background Perioperative myocardial ischemia is common among patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Our aim is to evaluate the efficacy of perioperative continuous lumbar plexus block in reducing the risk of cardiac ischemic events of elderly patients undergoing surgery for hip fractures, expressed as a reduction of ischemic events per subject. Methods Patients older than 60 years, ASA II-III, with risk factors for or known coronary artery disease were enrolled in this randomized controlled study. Patients were randomized to conventional analgesia using opioid intravenous patient-controlled analgesia or continuous lumbar plexus block analgesia, both started preoperatively and maintained until postoperative day three. Continuous electrocardiogram monitoring with ST segment analysis was recorded. Serial cardiac enzymes and pain scores were registered during the entire period. We measured the incidence of ischemic events per subject registered by a continuous ST-segment Holter monitoring. Results Thirty-one patients (intravenous patient-controlled analgesia 14, lumbar plexus 17) were enrolled. There were no major cardiac events during the observation period. The number of ischemic events recorded by subject during the observation period was 6 in the lumbar plexus group and 3 in the intravenous patient-controlled analgesia group. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.618). There were no statistically significant differences in the number of cases with increased perioperative troponin values (3 cases in the lumbar plexus group and 1 case in the intravenous patient-controlled analgesia group) or in terms of pain scores. Conclusions Using continuous perineural analgesia, compared with conventional systemic analgesia, does not modify the incidence of perioperative cardiac ischemic events of elderly patients with hip fracture.

Resumo Justificativa A isquemia miocárdica perioperatória é comum em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de fratura de quadril. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a eficácia do bloqueio perioperatório contínuo do plexo lombar na redução do risco de eventos cardíacos isquêmicos em pacientes idosos submetidos à cirurgia para fraturas de quadril, expresso como uma redução de eventos isquêmicos por indivíduo. Métodos Pacientes com mais de 60 anos de idade, ASA II-III com fatores de risco para ou com doença coronariana conhecida foram incluídos neste estudo controlado e randomizado. Os pacientes foram aleatorizados para analgesia convencional usando analgésicos opioides para administração de analgesia intravenosa controlada pelo paciente (Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia - IVPCA) ou analgesia contínua com o bloqueio do Plexo Lombar (PL), ambas iniciadas no pré-operatório e mantidas até o terceiro dia de pós-operatório. Monitoração contínua de ECG com análise do segmento ST foi registrada. Enzimas cardíacas seriadas e escores de dor foram registrados durante todo o período. Medimos a incidência de eventos isquêmicos por indivíduo registrados com monitoração contínua do segmento ST via Holter. Resultados Trinta e um pacientes (IVPCA 14, PL 17) foram incluídos. Não houve eventos cardíacos sérios durante o período de observação. O número de eventos isquêmicos registrados por sujeito durante o período de observação foi de seis no grupo PL e três no grupo IVPCA. Essa diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,618). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas no número de casos com aumento dos valores de troponina no perioperatório (três casos no grupo LP e um caso no grupo IVPCA) ou em termos de escores de dor. Conclusões O uso da analgesia perineural contínua comparado ao da analgesia sistêmica convencional não modifica a incidência de eventos isquêmicos cardíacos no período perioperatório de pacientes idosos com fratura de quadril.

Research on rules of medication for diabetes mellitus based on analysis on 755 traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions / 中草药

To explore the rules of medication for diabetes and diabetic complications based on analysis on 755 traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions. The information in 755 papers published from 1995 to 2016 was got including 755 herbal prescriptions, 367 herbs, 33 330 effective cases. Based on the above information, usage frequency of single herb, efficiency and the rules of formulating prescription for different types of diabetes were analyzed and compared using Microsoft Excel 2010 and Clementine 12.0 software. In the treatment of diabetes and its complications, the top four diabetes symptoms are about diabetes, diabetic neurological complications, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic cardiovascular complications, and accounting for 31.62%, 29.82%, 8.87%, and 6.47% of the total number of effective cases. Further analysis of the top four illnesses found that single herb commonly used in the treatment of diabetes was Astragali Radix, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Rehmanniae Radix, Trichosanthis Radix, Ophiopogonis Radix, etc. The commonly used drugs categories were tonic herbs, heat-clearing herbs and blood activating herbs; The single medicine commonly used in the treatment of diabetic neurological complications was Astragali Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae et Rhizoma, Cinnamomi Ramulus, etc. The commonly used drugs categories were tonic herbs, blood activating herbs and heat-clearing herbs; The single herb commonly used in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy was Astragali Radix, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, Poria, Fructus Corni, etc., the commonly used drugs categories were tonic herbs, blood activating herbs and damp-clearing herbs. The single herb commonly used in the treatment of diabetic cardiovascular complications was Astragali Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Carthami Flos, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, etc., the commonly used drugs categories were blood activating herbs, tonic herbs and heat-clearing herbs. The rules of medication of TCM for diabetes, diabetic neurological complications, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic cardiovascular complications showed similar characteristics, tonic herbs were used the most frequently, supplemented by blood activating herbs, heat-clearing herbs and damp-clearing herbs. However, the principle of formula is a little different for different types of diabetes and diabetic complications, specifically. The prescriptions for diabetes and diabetic neurological complications consist of tonic herbs as the principal, supplemented by blood activating herbs and heat-clearing herbs; The prescriptions for diabetic nephropathy are composed of tonic herbs as the principal, supplemented by blood activating herbs and damp-clearing herbs, as well as tonic herbs and blood activating herbs were equal components in the prescriptions for diabetic cardiovascular complications, supplemented by heat-clearing herbs.

Experiencia de trasplante renal de donantes y receptores mayores de 60 años en la Fundación Valle del Lili en Cali, Colombia, del año 2002 al 2016 / Kidney transplantation in donors and recipients over 60 at Fundación Valle del Lili in Cali, Colombia, from 2002 to 2016

INTRODUCCIÓN: El trasplante renal es el tratamiento de elección para los pacientes con insuficiencia renal terminal. Los pacientes mayores de sesenta años representan la población de mayor crecimiento con esta patología. Sin embargo, no se realizan los trasplantes de manera oportuna y la mayoría permanecen en diálisis con una menor sobrevida y calidad de vida. En este estudio se exponen los desenlaces de los trasplantes renales anciano-para-anciano realizados en una clínica de alta complejidad en Cali, Colombia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte, descriptivo de 31 trasplantes renales con donantes y receptores mayor de 60 años, realizados en la Fundación Valle del Lili en Cali, Colombia, desde enero del 2002 a marzo de 2016. RESULTADOS: De los 31 pacientes trasplantados renales, el 16% presentaron enfermedad cardiovascular post-trasplante, el 6,4% enfermedad cerebrovascular y el 22,6% malignidad. Se presentaron 12 (38,7%) infecciones oportunistas. Cinco pacientes (16%) presentaron disfunción crónica del injerto y tres (9,6%) pérdida del injerto. Nueve pacientes (29%) fallecieron con injerto funcionante. CONCLUSIÓN: La supervivencia de los pacientes trasplantados anciano para anciano en la Fundación Valle del Lili, es equiparable con los resultados en la literatura mundial. Las principales complicaciones asociadas a este tipo de trasplantes son malignidad, infecciones y patologías cardiovasculares. Debido a la alta complejidad y complicaciones de este tipo de trasplantes, los pacientes deben ser cuidadosamente seleccionados

INTRODUCTION: Kidney transplant is the first-line therapy for end-stage renal disease. Patients over 60 constitute a population which is increasingly affected by this disease. However, they do not receive timely transplantation and most of them stay on dialysis treatment with a reduction of their survival time and life quality. In this study we show the results of the kidney transplants between elderly patients performed at a private tertiary care hospital in Cali, Colombia. METHODS: This descriptive, cohort study includes 31 kidney transplants with donors and recipients over 60, which were carried out at Fundación Valle del Lili in Cali, Colombia, from January 2002 to March 2016. RESULTS: The average ages were 66 for recipients and 65 for donors. In most cases (90%) deceased donors were involved. The main cause of renal disease was diabetic nephropathy. CONCLUSION: The survival rate for the patients who underwent this procedure at the center mentioned above is similar to the results shown in the literature all over the world. The most common complications associated with this kind of operation are malignancy, infections and cardiovascular pathologies. Candidates for this transplantation should be carefully chosen given its complexity and related complications

Mortalidad cardíaca intrahospitalaria: Epidemiología y estrategias de prevención / In-hospital cardiac mortality: Epidemiology and prevention strategie

La mortalidad de causa cardíaca se ha evaluado extensamente en el contexto extrahospitalario; sin embargo, los estudios relacionados con este tema en los pacientes hospitalizados son escasos. La revisión de la literatura indica que en los pacientes recién operados son más frecuentes las enfermedades isquémicas no ateroscleróticas y el embolismo pulmonar agudo; y en los ingresados por causas médicas, el embolismo pulmonar agudo, la insuficiencia cardíaca aguda y el paro cardiorrespiratorio. En los enfermos ingresados en unidades de atención al paciente grave predominan los episodios isquémicos no ateroscleróticos, principalmente relacionados con estados de shock, el paro cardiorrespiratorio, el embolismo pulmonar agudo y la insuficiencia cardíaca aguda. La evaluación y control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, el mantenimiento del tratamiento de base, la corrección de las alteraciones fisiopatológicas agudas, la movilización y rehabilitación precoz, la tromboprofilaxis y la atención protocolizada, son las principales estrategias de prevención. Se necesitan ensayos clínicos adecuados para comprobar la eficacia y seguridad de las medidas profilácticas

Mortality from cardiac causes has been extensively evaluated in the outpatient context; however, studies related to this topic in hospitalized patients are scarce. The literature review showed that non atherosclerotic ischemic diseases and acute pulmonary embolism are more frequent in recently operated patients; while in those admitted for medical reasons, the acute pulmonary embolism, acute heart failure and cardiorespiratory arrest can be present. In patients admitted to the acute care units predominated the non-atherosclerotic ischemic events, mainly related to states of shock, cardiorespiratory arrest, acute pulmonary embolism and acute heart failure. The evaluation and control of cardiovascular risk factors, maintenance of basic treatment, correction of acute pathophysiological changes, mobilization and early rehabilitation, thromboprophylaxis and protocoled care, are the main prevention strategies to be followed. Adequate clinical trials are required to verify the efficacy and safety of prophylactic measures

Clinical characteristics and the factors relevant to peritoneal transport function in patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To observe the clinical characteristics with different peritoneal transport type in patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD),and to investigate the factors associated with peritoneal transport function.Methods:The clinical data of 158 CAPD patients were analyzed retrospectively.According to peritoneal equilibration test,a method for evaluation of the peritoneal transport function,the patients were divided into 2 groups:a high average and high peritoneal transport group (Group A,n=84) and a low average and low peritoneal transport group (Group B,n=74).T-he demographics,clinical biochemical indexes and the incidence of cardiovascular complications were compared between the 2 groups.Logistic regression analysis was used to find the factors relevant to peritoneal transport function.Results:The level of serum albumin (ALB) in the Group B was significantly higher than that in the Group A (P＜0.05).The 4 h dialysate/plasma creatinine (D/Pcr),high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP),body mass index (BMI),and the rates of cardiovascular complications in the Group A were significantly higher than those in the Group B (P＜0.05).Correlation analysis showed that the D/Pcr was positively correlated with the BMI,serum hs-CRP and cardiovascular complications (r=0.179,0.373 and 0.426,respectively,P＜0.05),while it was negatively correlated with ALB (r=-0.393,P＜0.01).Logistic regression analysis showed that the high BMI (OR=1.178,P＜0.05),cardiovascular complications (OR=5.035,P＜0.01),and the low serum ALB (OR=0.852,P＜0.01)were the risk factors for high peritoneal transport.Conclusion:The serum ALB level,BMI and the cardiovascular complications are associated with high peritoneal transport,which are useful markers for predicting the peritoneal transport function before peritoneal dialysis.

Assessment of cardiovascular complications in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus by echocardiography / 中国医学影像技术

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a kind of complex autoimmune connective tissue disease involving multi-organ and multiple systems.And the cardiovascular complication is a major cause of mortality in SLE patients.The diagnosis and evaluation depend on imaging.As a non-invasive,simplicity and repeatability method,echocardiography plays a vital role in evaluating heart structure and function.The application of echocardiography in the SLE with cardiovascular complications were reviewed in this article.

Effect of flavonoid rich fraction of Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. on complications associated with streptozotocin-induced type I diabetes mellitus.

Globally, diabetes is a serious health issue affecting one in 11 adults and consumes 12% of global health expenditure. Prevalence of dyslipidemia in diabetes is not uncommon since decades. Further, patients with type II diabetes have 2-4 folds more risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Plants with antioxidant potential are known to have beneficial effects in diabetes and its complications. Natural compounds, flavonoids particularly, ameliorate hyperglycemia as well as CVD. Here, we evaluated common wasteland weed Tephrosia purpurea, used traditionally as folk medicine to treat many disorders including diabetes. We studied the effect of 8-wk treatment of flavonoid-rich fraction of T. purpurea (FFTp) (40 mg/kg/day/p.o.) on various biochemical, cardiovascular and lenticular parameters on streptozotocin (STZ) (45 mg/kg, i.v.) induced type I diabetic rats. STZ administration produced significant hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and altered cardiac biomarkers like lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase and reduced antioxidants in lenticular tissues of rats. Treatment with FFTp significantly prevented STZ-induced hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia as well as cardiovascular markers. We observed decreased rate of pressure development (+dp/dt) and decay (-dp/dt) in STZ diabetic hearts which was prevented by FFTp. Further, the soluble protein levels and the antioxidants were also elevated in the diabetic rats by the treatment. In conclusion, our data suggest that FFTp produces beneficial effects on diabetes induced cardiovascular complications and cataract. Such beneficial actions may be attributed to the antioxidant property of flavonoids, quercetin or rutin, present in T. purpurea.